In the opening chapter of Hemingway's novella, we are introduced to Santiago, an elderly fisherman who has experienced a streak of bad luck by going eighty-four days without a single catch. This prolonged failure weighs heavily on the old man, who is respected yet somewhat pitied by the local fishing community. Despite his age and the physical toll that years of fishing have taken on him, Santiago retains a deep passion for the sea and fishing, showcasing his enduring spirit.

Santiago’s apprentice, a young boy named Manolin, is introduced as a character filled with warmth and affection for the old man. Although he has been forced to fish on a more successful boat due to Santiago's misfortunes, Manolin still harbors a deep loyalty to Santiago. He cares for him, helping him with his daily needs and expressing concern for his well-being. The relationship between the two is central to the chapter, revealing a bond that transcends mere mentorship. Manolin represents hope and youth, contrasting with Santiago’s age and struggle.

As the chapter unfolds, we see Santiago's determination and pride through his reflections. Despite his streak of failure, he never loses hope for a grand catch. His dreams of lions, which he vividly recalls from his youth, serve as a poignant symbol of his lost vitality and dreams. The lions represent strength, freedom, and the joy of life—qualities that Santiago longs for as he battles the realities of old age and failure.

The chapter sets the stage for the central themes of the novella: the struggle between man and nature, the persistence of hope, and the dignity found in enduring hardships. Santiago's character is fleshed out through his thoughts and actions, establishing him as a figure of profound resilience. As he prepares for another fishing expedition, his resolve to break the unlucky streak signals the beginning of a journey that will test his limits and explore the depths of human spirit.

Overall, the first chapter effectively captures the essence of Santiago's character and his relationship with the young Manolin, laying the groundwork for the challenges and triumphs that will unfold in the subsequent chapters.